In 2009, Johan Rockström led a group of 28 internationally renowned scientists to identify the processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system. The scientists proposed quantitative planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive for generations to come. These boundaries aimed to define the environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate. Crossing these boundaries increases the risk of generating large-scale abrupt or irreversible environmental changes. Since then the planetary boundaries framework has generated enormous interest within science, policy, and practice.
